Biochemical Responses of Ornamental Fish to Oxidative Stress
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2025.0413Keywords:
Ornamental fish, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, aquatic environmentAbstract
During short-term or long-term transportation, ornamental fish have stress-related effects due to their exposure to degrading water quality levels, e.g., pH (acidic or alkaline), oxygen, ammonia, temperature levels, etc., and captivity in the container. The present study estimated the biochemical parameters, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzymatic activities (SOD-superoxide dismutase, CAT-catalase, GST-glutathione-s-transferase) during transportation and exposure to pH shift response in liver and muscle of three families of ornamental fish such as black wagtail platy, rosy barb and lemon-yellow cichlid during and exposure to pH5 and 10. 100% survivability was noted among three fish species, and oxidative stress was marked by increased LPO levels in all fish transported and exposed to pH 5 and pH 10. Exposure of Rosy Barb to pH10 and platy and cichlid to pH5 induced a significant increase in LPO in liver tissue compared to all transported fish, whereas the muscle tissue of platy and cichlid showed increased activities of LPO during transportation compared to exposed ones, and a control group of fish. Significantly elevated levels of SOD activity in both tissues of all experimental fishes, whereas CAT activity was more in the liver tissue of transported fishes to counteract stress response and detoxify products of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, understanding the variation in stress levels of ornamental fishes during transportation and exposure to pH levels, which are tissue- and species-specific, becomes critically important for their welfare in aquaculture practices, as observed in this study.
References
Bagnyukova, T.V., Chahrak, O.I. and Lushchak, V.I. 2006. Coordinated response of goldfish antioxidant defenses to environmental stress. Aquatic Toxicology, 78, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.04.005
Bagnyukova, T.V., Storey, K.B. and Lushchak, V.I. 2005a. Adaptive response of antioxidant enzymes to catalase inhibition by aminotriazole in goldfish liver and kidney. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 142(3), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.08.003
Barton, B.A. 2002. Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42, 517-525. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.517
Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44(1), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8
Beers, R.F. and Sizer, I.W. 1952. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195(1), 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50881-X
Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Birmingham Publishing Company, Alabama. 482 pages.
Boyd, C.E. 2000. Water quality, an introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. 330 pages.
Braun, N. and Nuner, A.P.D.O. 2014. Stress in Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at different densities and times in a simulated transport. Zoologia, 31(1), 101-104.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000100012
Carneiro, M.D., Garcýa-Mesa, S., Sampaio, L.A. and Planas, M. 2021. Primary, secondary, and tertiary stress responses of juvenile seahorse Hippocampus reidi exposed to acute acid stress in brackish and seawater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. part B. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 255, 110592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110592
Chanu, T. I., Roy, S.D.A.M., Sharma, A., Biswas, P., Siddhya, G.M. and Das, A. 2014. Anti-stress potential of acetone extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) fingerlings subjected to acid stress. Indian Journal Fisheries, 61(4), 69-77.
Chitra, K.C. and Maiby, S. 2014. Oxidative stress of Bisphenol-A and its adverse effects on liver of fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(7), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.15373/22778179/July2014/69
Das, T., Pal, A.K., Chakraborty, S.K., Manush, S.M., Chatterjee, N. and Apte, S.K. 2006. Metabolic elasticity and induction of heat shock protein 70 in Labeo rohita acclimated to three temperatures. Asian-Australasion Journal of Animal Sciences, 19, 1033-1039. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.1033
Davis, K.B. 2006. Management of physiological stress in finfish aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 68, 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-007.1
Doudoroff, P. and Katz, M. 1950. Critical review of literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes and their components to fish: I. Alkalies, Acids, and Inorganic Gases. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 22(11), 1432-1458. https://doi.org/10.2307/25031446
Droge, W. 2002. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological Reviews, 82(1), 47-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2001
Eyckmans, M., Celis, N., Horemans, N., Blust, R. and De Boeck, G. 2011. Exposure to waterborne copper reveals differences in oxidative stress response in three freshwater fish species. Aquatic Toxicology, 103, 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.010
Fenner, R.M. 2001. The Conscientious Marine Aquarist: A Commonsense Handbook for Successful Saltwater Hobbyists. Microcosm Publications, Neptune City. 432 pages.
Fromm, P.O. 1980. A review of some physiological and toxicological responses of freshwater fish to acid stress. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 5, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000954
Gilmour, K.M. and Perry, S.F. 1994. The effects of hypoxia, hyperoxia or hypercapnia on the acid–base disequilibrium in the arterial blood of rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology, 192(1), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.192.1.269
Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J. and Jakoby, W.B. 1974. Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249(22), 7130-7139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19) 42083-8
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge J.M.C. 1999. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Third edition. Oxford University press. New York. 175 pages.
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge J.M.C. 2015. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, fifth edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 944 pages.
Harmon, T.S. 2009. Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with 675 live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1, 58-66. 676. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01003.x
Hermes-Lima, M. 2004. Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: role of free radicals. pp. 319-368. In: Storey, K.B. (Ed.) Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation. Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/047167558X.ch12
Husak, V.V., Mosiichuk, N.M., Maksymiv I.V., Sluchyk, I.Y., Storey, J.M., Storey, K.B. and Lushchak, V.I. 2014. Histopathological and biochemical changes in goldfish kidney due to exposure to the herbicide Sencor may be related to induction of oxidative stress. Aquatic Toxicology, 155, 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014. 06.020
Iwama, G.K., Afonso, L.O.B. and Vijayan, M.M. 2006. Stress in fishes. Pp. 319-342, In: Evans, D.H. and Claiborne, J.B. (Eds.) The Physiology of Fishes 2006, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Jin, Y., Zhang, X., Shu, L., Chen, L., Sun, H., Qian, H., Liu, W. and Fu, Z. 2010. Oxidative stress response and gene expression in adult Zebrafish (Danio rario). Chemosphere, 78(7), 846-852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2009.11.044
Kane, A.S., Salierno, J.D. and Brewer, S.K. 2005. Fish models in behavioral toxicology: automated techniques, updates and perspectives. Pp.559-590, In: Ostrander, G.K. (Eds.) Methods in Aquatic Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL,USA.
Kaiser, B.H., Brill, G., Cahill, J., Collett, P., Czypionka, K., Green, A., Orr, K., Pattrick, P., Scheepers, R., Stonier, T., Whitehead, M.A. and Yearsley, R. 2006. Testing clove oil as an anesthetic for long -distance transport of live fish: the case of the Lake Victoria cichlid Haplochromis obliquidens. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439 - 0426.2006.00786.x
Kim, J.H., Jeong, E.H., Jeon, Y.H., Kim, S.K. and Baek, Y. 2021. Salinity-mediated changes in hematological parameters, stress, antioxidant responses, and acetylcholinesterase of juvenile olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus). Environmental Toxicology Pharmacology, 83, 103597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2021.103597
Kramer, D.L. 1987. Dissolved oxygen and fish behaviour. Environmental Biology Fishes, 18, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002597.
Lim, L.C., Dhert, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 2003. Recent developments and improvements in ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport. Aquaculture Research, 34(11), 923-935. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 -2109.2003.00946.x
Lin, S.Y., Xu, D., Du, X.X., Ran, C.L., Xu, L., Ren, S.J., Tang, Z.T., Yin, L.Z., He, C.L., Yuan, Z.X., Fu, H-L., Zhao, X-L. and Shu, G. 2019. Protective Effects of Salidroside against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Liver Injury by Initiating Mitochondria to Resist Oxidative Stress in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Science, 20(13), 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133187
Lushchak, V.I. and Bagnyukova, T.V. 2006c. Effects of different environmental oxygen levels on free radical processes in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, biochemistry & molecular biology, 144, 283-289. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.02.014
Lushchak, V.I., Bagnyukova, T.V., Husak, V.V., Luzhna, L.I., Lushchak, O.V. and Storey, K.B. 2005a. Hyperoxia results in transient oxidative stress and an adaptive response by antioxidant enzymes in goldfish tissues. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37, 1670-1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.024
Manuel, R., Boerrigter, J., Roques, J., van der Heul, J., van den Bos, R., Flik, G. and van de Vis, H. 2014. Stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) following overland transportation. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10695-013-9821-7
Maqsood, S. and Benjakul, S. 2011. Comparative studies on molecular changes and prooxidative activity of hemoglobin from different fish species as influenced by pH. Food Chemistry, 124, 875-883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.011
Marshall, W.S. and Grosell, M. 2006. Ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid–base balance. pp. 177-230. In: Evans, D.H. and Claiborne, J.B. (Eds.) The Physiology of Fishes. CRC press, Boca Raton.
Moniruzzaman, M., Ghosal, I., Das, D. and Chakraborty, S.B. 2018. Melatonin ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress through modulation of Erk/Akt/NFkB pathway. Biological Research, 51(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-018-0168-5
Mourente, G., Dýaz-Salvago, E., Bell, J.G. and Tocher, D.R. 2002. Increased activities of hepatic antioxidant defence enzymes in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) fed dietary oxidised oil: attenuation by dietary vitamin E. Aquaculture, 214(1-4), 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00064-9
Mukherjee, M., Moniruzzaman, M., Kumar, S., Das, D. and Chakraborty, S.B. 2017a. Neuronal and oxidative damage in the catfish brain alleviated after Mucuna seed extract treatment. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 9, 52-57. https:// https://doi.org/1010.25258/ijpapr.v9i1.8039
Mukherjee, J., Moniruzzaman, M., Chakraborty, S.B., Lek, S. and Ray, S. 2017b. Towards a physiological response of fishes under variable environmental conditions: an approach through neural network. Ecological Indicators, 78, 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.03.038
Niehaus, W.G. and Samuelson, B. 1968. Formation of MDA from phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. European Journal of Biochemistry, 6, 126 -130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968. tb00428.x
Parihar, M.S., Javeri, T., Hemnani T., Dubey, A.K. and Prakash, P. 1997. Responses of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione antioxidant defences in gills of the freshwater catfish (Heteropneustes fossills) to short-term elevated temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology, 22(2), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(97)00006-5
Paterson, B.D., Rimmer, M.A., Meikle, G.M. and Semmens, G.L. 2003. Physiological responses of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer, to water quality deterioration during simulated live transport: acidosis, red-cell swelling, and levels of ions and ammonia in the plasma. Aquaculture, 218, 717-728. Doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00564-1
Pigeolet, E., Corbisier, P., Houbion, A., Lambert, D., Michiels, D.C., Raes, M., Zachary, D. and Ramacle, J. 1990. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase inactivation by peroxides and oxygen derived free radicals. Mechanisms of ageing Development, 51(3), 283-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(90)90078-t
Qiang, J., Tao, Y.F., He, J., Xu, P., Bao, J.W. and Sun, Y.L. 2017. miR122 promotes hepatic antioxidant defense of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to cadmium by directly targeting a metallothionein gene. Aquatic Toxicology, 182, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.009
Refaey, M.M. and Li, D. 2018. Transport stress changes blood biochemistry, antioxidant defense system, and hepatic HSPs mRNA expressions of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Frontiers in Physiology, 20(9), 1628. doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01628
Sampaio, F.D.F. and Freire, C.A. 2016. An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration. Fish and Fisheries, 17(4), 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12158
Sies, H. 1985. Oxidative Stress. Pp. 73-90, In: Sies, H. (Eds.) Hydroperoxides and thiol oxidants in the study of oxidative stress in intact cells and organs. Academic press, London
Singh, A. and Zutshi, B. 2020. Photoperiodic effects on somatic growth and gonadal maturation in Mickey Mouse platy, Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther 1866), Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46, 1483-1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00806-8
Sinha, A.K., Matey, V., Giblen, T., Blust, R. and Boeck, G.D. 2014. Gill remodelling in three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia. Aquatic Toxicology, 155, 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.018
Stieglitz, J.D., Benetti, D.D. and Serafy, J.E. 2012. Optimizing transport of live juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum): Effects of salinity and shipping biomass. Aquaculture, 364, 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012. 08.038
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J. (Eds.). 1996. Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1022 pages.
Treasurer, J.W. 2012. Changes in pH during transport of juvenile cod Gadus morhua L. and stabilisation using buffering agents. Aquaculture, 330-333, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.12.021
Tristan, J.M., Erik, S. and Neill, A.H. 2021. Fish and hyperoxia - From cardiorespiratory and biochemical adjustments to aquaculture and ecophysiology implications. Fish & Fisheries, 22, 324-355. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/FAF.12522
Urbinati, E.C. and Carneiro, P.C.F. 2004. Práticas de manejo e estresse dos peixes em piscicultura intensiva. Pp. 171-194. In: Cyrino, J.E.P., Urbinati, E.C., Fracalossi, D.M. and Castagnolli, N. (Eds.). Tópicos especiais em piscicultura de água doce tropicas intensiva. TecArt. São Paulo.
van der Boon, J., van den Thillart, G.E., Addink, A.D.F. 1991. The effects of cortisol administration on intermediary metabolism in teleost fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 100, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90182-C
Vanderzwalmen, M., McNeill, J., Delieuvin, D., Senes, S., Sanchezlacalle, D., Mullen, C., McLellan, I., Carey, P., Snellgrove, D., Foggo, A., Alexander, M.E., Henriquez, F.L. and Sloman, K.A. 2021. Monitoring water quality changes and ornamental fish behaviour during commercial transport. Aquaculture, 531, 735860. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735860
Winston, D.W., and Di Giulio, R.T. 1991. Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquatic Toxicology, 19, 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(91)90033-6
Yu, Q., Xie, J., Huang, M., Chen, C., Qian, D., Qin, J.G., Chen, L., Jia, Y. and Li, E. 2020. Growth and health responses to a long-term pH stress in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 16, 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100280
Zahangir, M. Md., Haque, F., Mostakim, G. Md. and Islam, M.S. 2015. Secondary stress responses of zebrafish to different pH: Evaluation in a seasonal manner. Aquaculture Reports, 2, 91-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep. 2015.08.008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sri Saiprajwal, Bela Zutshi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
