Plankton Diversity of the River Kulik at Uttar Dinajpur District of West Bengal, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.3039Keywords:
Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, River Kulik, Pollution, ConservationAbstract
Plankton Diversity of the river Kulik at Uttar Dinajpur District of West Bengal, India was studied from November
2019 to October 2021. A total of 43 phytoplankton species were recorded during the present study. Out of which,
Chlorophyceae was the most dominant group with 17 species followed by, Bacillariophyceae with 12 species,
Cyanophyceae with 7 species and 2 species belonged to Chryssophyceae, Dinophyceae and Euglenophyceae, 1
species belonged to Charraphyceae. Highest phytoplankton density was recorded during monsoon season of the
first year from Site 4 (14640/mL) and the lowest density was found during winter season of first year from Site
1 (3440/mL). The species like Amphora sp., Cymbella sp., Diatoma sp., Fragillaria sp., Nitzchia sp., Rhizosoclenia
sp., Chara sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., Dinobryan sp., Anabaena sp., Merismopoda sp., Microcysctis sp., Nostoc
sp., Phormidium sp., Spirulina sp., Ceratium sp. and Phacus sp. were found throughout the study period. The
presence of species like Melosira sp., Closterium sp., Pandorina sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., Navicula sp., Nitzchia
sp., Chlorella sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Euglena sp. supports the higher organic pollution of the river Kulik. The
highest organic pollution on the basis of Palmer’s Pollution Index was recorded in case Site 3 (17) in the summer
season of the first year and Site 4 in the summer season of the second year and the lowest was recorded in case
of Site 5 (3) in the summer season of the first year and at Site 1 and Site 3 in monsoon season of the first year. A
total of 53 species of zooplankton of five major groups were identified from the surface water samples of Kulik
river during the whole study period. Among them Cladocera was the most dominant group with 24 species
followed by, Rotifera with 17 species, Copepoda with 6 species, Rhizopoda with 4 species and Ostracoda with
2 species. Rotifera group was the most dominant group of zooplankton. Species like Chydorus barrosi, Chydorus
sphaericus, Moina sp., Diaphanoso maexcium, Mesocyclops sp., Brachionus sp., Lecane sp., Testudinella sp.
were found throughout the study period. The zooplankton density varied from 9600/m3 to 17260/m3 during the
whole study period. The lowest density recorded from Site 1 (690/m3) during monsoon of the first year and the
highest density was recorded from Site 4 (4490/m3) during winter of the first-year study period. The presence of
species like Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia sp., Moina sp., Sida sp., Cypris sp., Keratella sp. and Lecane sp.
supports the higher organic pollution of the river Kulik.
References
Acreman, M., Arthington, A.H., Colloff, M.J., Couch, C., Crossman, N.D., Dyer, F.2014. Environmental flows for natural, hybrid, and novel riverine ecosystems in a changing world. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(8), 466-473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/130134
Agarkar, M.S., Goswami, H.K. Kaushik, S., Mishra, S.N., Bajpai, A.K. and Sharma, U.S. 1994. Biology, conservation and management of Bhoj wetland. Upper lake Ecosystem in Bhopal. Bionature, 14(2), 1119. https://globalpresshub.com/index.php/BN/article/view/517
Al-Hashmi, K.A., Piontkovski, S.A., Bruss, G., Hamza, W., Al-Junaibi, M., Bryantseva, Yu. and Popova, E. 2019. Seasonal variations of plankton communities in coastal waters of Oman. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 13(2), 395-426. https://ripublication.com/ijoo19/ijoov13n2_13.pdf
Ananthan, G., Sampathkumar, P., Soundarapandian, P. and Kannan, L. 2004. Observation on environmental characteristics of Ariyankuppam estuary and Verampattinam coast of Pondicherry. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 19, 67-72.
Anonyous. 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd ed, American public Health Correlation, American Water Works Correlation and Water Environmental Federation, Washington, USA.
Battish, S.K. and Kumari, P. 1986. Effect of physico-chemical factors on the seasonal abundance of cladocera in typical pond at village of Raqba, Ludhiana. Indian Journal of Ecology, 13(1), 146-151.
Battish, S.K. 1992. Fresh Water Zooplankton of India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. New Delhi, India. 233pages
Bidwell, A. and Clarke, N.V. 1977. The invertebrate fauna of Lake Kainji. Nigerian Field, 42 (3), 104110.
Chakrabarty, R.D., Roy, P and Singh, S.B. 1959. A Quantitative study of the plankton and the physicochemical conditions of the river Jumna at Allahabad in 1954 -55. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 6(1), 186-203.
Chourasia, S.K. and A.D. Adoni. 1985. Zooplankton dynamics in a shallow Eutrophic Lake,
Proceedings of National Symposium on Pure and Applied Limnology, Botanical Society, Sagar (MP), India, 32: 30-39.
Choi, J.Y. and Kim, S.K. 2020. Responses of Rotifer community to microhabitat changes caused by summer-concentrated rainfall in a shallow reservoir, South Korea. Diversity, 12, 113. http://doi.org/10.3390/d12030113
Das, D., Sen, A. and Mitra, P. 2013. Major fauna of Rasik Beel Wetland Complex (WB). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 343, 1-76.
David, A. and Roy, P. 1966. Studies on the pollution of the river Daha (N. Bihar) by sugar and distillery wastes. Environment Health, 8(1), 635.
Desikachary, T.V. 1959. Cyanophyta. ICAR. Monograph, ICAR, New Delhi.
Devi, S.B. 1997. Present status, potentialities, management and economics of fisheries of two minor reservoirs of Hyderabad. Ph.D. Thesis, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Diovisalvi, N., Bohn, V.Y., Piccolo, M.C., Perillo, G.M.E., Baigun, C. and Zagarese, H.E. 2015. Shallow lakes from the Central Plains of Argentina: an overview and worldwide comparative analysis of their basic limnological features. Hydrobiologia, 752, 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1946-x
Egborge, B.M. 1981. The composition, seasonal variation and distribution of zooplankton in Lake Asejire, Nigeria. Revue Zoology Africa, 95, 136180.
El-Sherbiny, M.M., Al-Aidaroos, A.M. and Gab-Alla, A. 2011. Seasonal composition and population density of zooplankton in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt. Oceanologia, 53(3), 837-859. http://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-3.837
Eramma, N., Lalita, H.M., Satishgouda, S., Renuka Jyothi, S., Venkatesh, C.N. and Patil, S.J. 2023. Zooplankton productivity evaluation of lentic and lotic ecosystem. In: Massarelli, C. and Campanale, C. (Eds.) Limnology, Intechopen, http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107020
Fathibi, K., Sudhikumar; A.V. and Aneesh, E.M. 2020. Species composition and abundance of rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) in Thrissur Kole wetland, Kerala, India. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(6), 439-451. http://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.117375
Goyal, S. 2018. Pollution and trophic indicator species of Bicherli pond, Beawar (Rajasthan). Suresh Gyan Vihar University International Journal of Environment, Science and Technology, 4(2), 35-47.
Gupta, P. 2019. Occurrence of Genus Microcystis lemmerm from water bodies of Maldah district, West Bengal, India. The Journal of the Society for Tropical Plant Research, 6(2), 233-240. http://doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2019.v6.i2.033
Hafiz, B.Z., Pandit, A.K. and Shah, J.A. 2014. Phytoplankton community of River Jehlum in Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(6), 326-336. http://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2014.326.336
Halsey, K.H. and Jones, B.M. 2015. Phytoplankton strategies for photosynthetic energy allocation. Annual Review of Marine Science, 7, 265-297. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015813
Hassan, M.A., Bhandhopadhyay, M.K., Jha, B.C., Sharma, A.P. and Biswas, B.K. 2011. Plankton and fish productivity pattern in two environmentally different oxbow lakes in West Bengal. Journal of Inland Fisheries Sciences, 43(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.47780/jifsi.43.1.2011.121290
Holz, J.C. and Hoagland, K.D. 1996. Experimental microcosm study of the effects of phosphorus reduction on plankton community structure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53(8), 1754-1764. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-10
Jain, A., Pal, J., Sharma, E. and Rai, S.C. 2005. Plankton community dynamics of a sacred lake in the Sikkim Himalaya. Ecology, Environment and Conservation Paper, 11(3-4), 555-561.
Jha, P. and Barat, S. 2003. Hydrobiological study of Lake Mirik in Darjeeling, Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Biology, 24(3), 339-344.
Kar, S. and Kar, D. 2016. Zooplankton diversity in a freshwater wetland of Cachar, Assam. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 7(2), 614-620.
Kumar, P., Sonaullah, F. and Wanganeo, A. 2010. A preliminary limnological study on Shershah Suri Pond, Sasaram, Bihar. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 24(2), 219 226.
Lund, J.W.G. 1965. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Biological Reviews, 40, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1965.tb00803.x
Minaudo, C., Abonyi, A., Leitao, M., Lancon, A.M., Floury, M. and Descy, J.P. 2021. Long-term impacts of nutrient control, climate change, and invasive clams on phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biomass in a large temperate river. Science of The Total Environment, 756, 144074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144074
Mondal, D., Pal, J., Ghosh, T.K. and Biswas A.K. 2013. Diversity of Cladocerans and Copepods of Mirik Lake in Darjeeling Himalaya. Journal of Today’s Biological Sciences: Research & Review, 2(1), 36-46.
MwebazaNadwula, L., Sekiranda, S.B.K and Kiggundu, V. 2005. Variability in zooplankton community along a section of the Upper Victoria Nile, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 43, 251257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00583.x
Palmer, C.M. 1969. A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. Journal of Phycology, 5, 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02581.x
Pandey, K.K., Chandra, W. and Singh, P.S. 2011. Phytoplankton diversity in relation to physicochemical factors in some selected ponds at Patna (Bihar) India. Environment and Ecology, 29(2), 502-505.
Patra, A., Santra, K.B. and Manna, C.K. 2010. Limnological studies related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of Santragachi and Joypur Jheel, W.B, India. Our Nature, 8, 185-203. https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v8i1.4328
Pennak, R.W. 1978. Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 648 pages
Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae, 3rd Edition. WMC Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. 224 pages
Raina, R. 1981, Plankton dynamics and Hydrobiology of BodSar Lake, Kashmir. Ph.D. thesis. Kashmir University, Kashmir.
Ramkrishnaiah, M. and Sarkar, S.R. 1982. Plankton productivity in relation to certain hydrobiological factors in Konar reservoir (Bihar). Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India, 14, 58-68.
Rao, G.M.N. and Pragada, P.M. 2010. Seasonal Abundance of Micro Algae in Pandi Backwaters of Godavari Estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2(3), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb234685
Rao, M.B. and Muley, E.V. 1981. Seasonal and species of zooplankton organisms and their succession in two freshwater ponds at Waghuli Poona. Proceedings of Symposium on Ecology Animal Pool. Zoological Survey of India, 2, 63-64.
Rinaldo, A., Gatto, M. and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. 2018. River networks as ecological corridors: A coherent ecohydrological perspective. Advances in Water Resources, 112, 27-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017. 10.005
Singh, R., Das, N., Kumar, S.K., Bhakta, D., Behera, S., Nagesh, T.S. and Mondal, A. 2017. Limnology and productivity status in wetlands (Beels) of 24- South Parganasdistrict, West Bengal. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(2), 664-668.
Roy, S., Basu, A., Mondal, D., Roy, D., Choudhury, S. and Datta, S. 2013. The composition, diversity and population dynamics of zooplankton in river Ichamati, West-Bengal (India). International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, 6(4), 380-389.
Saha, B.B. and Choudhary, A.B. 2000. Photosynthetic activity in relation to hydrological characteristics of a brakish water tidal ecosystem of Sundarbans in West Bengal India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21, 9-14.
Sakhare, V.B. and Jetithor, S.G. 2021. Copepod diversity from seasonal wetland in Ambajogai of Beed District, Maharashtra, India. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences, 3(11), 58-61. https://actascientific.com/ASVS/pdf/ASVS-03-0224.pdf
Sampaio, E.V., Rocha, O., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. and Tundisi, J.G. 2002. Composition and abundance of zooplankton in the limnetic zone of seven reservoirs of the Paranapanema River, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62, 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000300018
Sharma, B.K. 1983. The Indian species of the genus Brachionus (Eurotatoria: Monogononta: Brachionidae). Hydrobilogia, 104, 3139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045949
Sharma, S., Singh, K., Prajapati, R., Solnki, C.M., Sharma, D., Sengupta, T., Gandhi, T., Chouhan, M. and Vyas, A. 2011. Diversity and seasonal abundance of phytoplankton of river Narmada Madhya Pradesh (India). World Rural Observations, 3(2), 14-28.
Shrivastava, N.P. 2005. Plankton status of Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir. Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India, 37, 43-47.
Singh, D.N. 2000. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters in Oxbow Lake. Geobios, 21, 120-124.
Tang, D., Liu, X., Wang, X. and Yin, K. 2018. Relationship between the main communities and environments of an urban river and reservoir: Considering integrated structural and functional assessments of ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2302. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102302
Toth, F., Zsuga, K., Kerepeczki, E., Berzi-Nagi, L., Kormoczi, L. and Lovei, G.L. 2020. Seasonal differences in taxonomic diversity of Rotifer communities in a Hungarian lowland oxbow lake exposed to aquaculture effluent. Water, 12, 1300. http://doi.org/10.3390/w12051300
Verma, P.K. and Munshi, J.S.D. 1987. Plankton community structure of Badua reservoir, Bhagalpur (India). Tropical Ecology, 28, 200-207.
Wanganeo, A. and Wanganeo, R. 2006. Variation in zooplankton population in two morphologically dissimilar rural lakes in Kashmir Himalaya. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, Section B: Biological Sciences, 76(3), 222–239
Ward, H.B. and Whipple, G.C. 1959. Fresh Water Biology. 2nd edition (Edmondson, W.T. (Ed.) Wiley and sons, New York. 1248 pages
Wishard, S.K. and Mehrotra, S.N. 1988. Periodicity and abundance of plankton in Gulariya reservoir in relation to certain physico-chemical conditions. Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India, 20, 42-47.
Zafar, A.R. 1967. On the ecology of algae in certain fish ponds of Hyderabad, India III. The periodicity. Hydrobiologia, 30, 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043729
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jayanta Majumder, Debashri Mondal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
