Spatio-Temporal Variation in Water Quality of Selected Lakes in Eastern Dry Agro Climatic Zone of Karnataka State, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.0197Keywords:
Pre-monsoon, Water quality index, Dissolved oxygen, Chemical oxygen demand, Biological oxygen demandAbstract
Monitoring water quality is a helpful tool for assessing the effects of pollution sources, ensuring effective management of water resources, and preserving aquatic life in surface water bodies. Hence, the present study focussed on evaluating the water quality of thirty-four selected lakes in Chikkaballapura taluk by characterizing physico-chemical parameters, Dissolved oxygen levels, organic loads (viz., BOD and COD) and WQI. The TDS level in the study area was well within the tolerance limit of 1500 mg/L, illustrating medium salinity (viz., electrical conductivity) in lake water. None of the lakes in the study area recorded nitrate concentrations above the tolerance limit of 50 mg/L during either season. Kolavanahalli and Varamallenahalli lakes witnessed nitrate levels of over 40 mg/L, while the pooled mean phosphate concentration was 0.40 mg/L during the study periods. High organic load in terms of COD was witnessed in selected lakes, as revealed by their ranges 64.0-144.0 mg/L (mean: 98.6 mg/L) and 60.8-136.0 mg/L (mean: 91.7 mg/L), respectively, during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Despite organic load, dissolved oxygen concentration ranged from 4.45-6.10 mg/L and 4.25-5.88 mg/L during these seasons, well above the desirable 4.0 mg/L limit. The present study also demonstrated the contribution of phosphate and nitrates towards organic loadings (viz., BOD and COD), illustrating increased anthropogenic contribution like entry of raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and others. Irrigation suitability was observed for most lakes, as revealed by their SAR, percent sodium and RSC values.
References
Anonymous. 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Anonymous. 2012. Central Ground Water board - Groundwater Information booklet - Chikkaballapur district, Karntaka, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Karnataka
Chen, X., Liu, X., Li, B., Peng, W., Dong, F., Huang, A., Wang, W. and Cao, F. 2021. Water quality assessment and spatial–temporal variation analysis in Erhai lake, southwest China. Open Geosciences, 13(1), 1643-1655. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0326
Dayap, J., Rios, W., Estorosos, J., Genterolizo, J.M., Villeta, R. and Andres, M.I. 2023. Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake stations using factor analysis. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, 22(2), 63-73. https://innspub.net/assessment-of-seasonal-variations-in-surface-water-quality-of-laguna-lake-stations-using-factor-analysis/
Hatvani, I.G., Kirschner, A.K.T., Farnleitner, A.H., Tanos, P. and Herzig, A. 2018. Hotspots and main drivers of faecal pollution in Neusiedler sea - a large shallow lake in central Europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 28884-28898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2783-7
Kumar, R., Grover, A.S. and Wats, M. 2018. Assessment of water quality status of lakes in Haryana, India. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 9(7), 27831-27835. http://doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2018.0907.2341.
Lambert, S.J. and Davy, A.J. 2011. Water quality as a threat to aquatic plants: discriminating between the effects of nitrate, phosphate, boron and heavy metals on charophytes. New Phytologist, 189(4), 1051-1059. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03543.x.
Maansi, Jindal, R. and Wats, M. 2022. Evaluation of surface water quality using water quality indices (WQIs) in Lake Sukhna, Chandigarh, India. Applied Water Science, 12, art2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01534-x
Manuel, J. 2014. Nutrient pollution: A persistent threat to waterways. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(11), A304-A309. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A304
Misra, O. and Chaturvedi, D. 2016. Fate of dissolved oxygen and survival of fish population in aquatic ecosystem with nutrient loading: a model. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment, 2, 112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0168-9.
Murray, K.E., Thomas, S.M. and Bodour, A.A. 2010. Prioritizing research for trace pollutants and emerging contaminants in the freshwater environment. Environmental Pollution, 158(12), 3462-3471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.009
Olajire, A.A. and Imeokparia, F.E. 2001. Water quality assessment of Osun River: Studies on inorganic nutrients. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 69(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010796410829
Poonam, T., Tanushree, B. and Sukalyan, C. 2015. Water Quality Indices- important tools for water quality assessment: A Review. International Journal of Advances in Chemistry, 1(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijac.2015.1102.
Pushoo, S.H., Kaur, M., Mushtaq, M., Var, M.H. and Kumar, S. 2023. Statistical review on change in water qualities of Dal Lake. European Chemical Bulletin, 12(Special Issue 5, Part-A), 4561-4568. https://doi.org/10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si5a.0363
Ravikumar, P., Aneesul Mehmood, M. and Somashekar, R.K. 2013. Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli lake, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India. Applied Water Science, 3, 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0077-2
Ravikumar, P., Somashekar, R.K. and Prakash, K.L. 2015b. A comparative study on usage of Durov and Piper diagrams to interpret hydrochemical processes in groundwater from SRLIS river basin, Karnataka, India. Elixir of Earth Science, 80, 31073-31077.
Ravikumar, P., Somashekar, R.K. and Prakash, K.L. 2015a. Suitability assessment of deep groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in the parts of Hoskote and Malur Taluks, Karnataka (India). Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 71(1), 15-26. http://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.71.1.9809
Sampat, A.M., Hicks, A. Ruiz-Mercado, G.J. and Zavala, V.M. 2021. Valuing economic impact reductions of nutrient pollution from livestock waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, 105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105199.
Shang, X., Wang, X.Z., Zhang, D.L., Chen, W.D., Chen, X.C. and Kong, H.N. 2012. An improved SWAT-based computational framework for identifying critical source areas for agricultural pollution at the lake basin scale. Ecological Modeling, 226, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.030 .
Sun, Q.O. and Liu, Z. 2020. Impact of tourism activities on water pollution in the West Lake Basin (Hangzhou, China). Open Geosciences, 12(1), 1302-1308. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0119.
Wang, J., Fu, Z., Qiao, H. and Liu, F. 2019. Assessment of eutrophication and water quality in the estuarine area of Lake Wuli, Lake Taihu, China. Science of The Total Environment, 650, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.137.
Zheng, L., An, Z.Y., Chen, X.L. and Liu, H. 2021. Changes in water environment in Erhai lake and its influencing factors. Water, 13(10), 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101362
Zandagba, J.E.B., Adandedji, F.M., Lokonon, B.E., Chabi, A., Dan, O. and Mama, D. 2017. Application use of Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate analysis for Nokoué lake water quality assessment. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1(4), 117-127.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Tanya S Murthy, Prakash, K. L.
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.