Studies on Hydrogeochemistry and Human Health Risks of Groundwater in Hazaribag City, Jharkhand, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.3280Keywords:
Gibbs diagram, Piper plot, Physicochemical variables, Saturation index, Spatial distribution, Water qualityAbstract
In the present paper, the groundwater quality of the selected places of Hazaribag City in Jharkhand, India, has been reported. In this connection results of the analyses of different physicochemical variables, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, F-, SO42-, NO3-) and trace metals (Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Zn, Al, As) have been described. According to the Schoeller’s diagram, the major cations, anions, and Heavy metals in the samples are in the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-, > NO3- and Zn > Fe > Mn > Al > Cr > As > Pb, respectively. The Gibbs Plot indicates that the rock-water interaction mechanism is dominant, although the Piper plot demonstrates that groundwater samples are the mixed regions of Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl- - SO42- and Ca2+ - Mg2+ - HCO3- type reflecting the prevalence of anthropogenic influence. According to the Durov plot, 9.37% of groundwater samples exhibit association with dolomite or ion-exchange clay, 53.13% shows normal dissolution or mixing, and the rest 37.5% reverse ion-exchange of sodium and chloride type water. Groundwater in Hazaribag City is supersaturated with calcite, dolomite, and gypsum, while most of the samples are nearly at equilibrium with anhydrite. Conversely, all 32 groundwater samples are undersaturated with halite. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 9% of the samples of groundwater are good, 6% poor, 13% very poor, and the rest 72% are unfit for drinking. Positive correlations were observed among all water quality indices and heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals significantly contributed to non-carcinogenic health risks for both adults and children, following the order of Cr > As > Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn > Al.
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